| Cerebellum: |
Function |
Associated Signs and Symptoms |
 |
Coordination and control of voluntary movement. |
- Tremors.
- Nystagmus (Involuntary movement of the eye).
- Ataxia, lack of coordination.
|
| Brain Stem: |
Function |
Associated Signs and Symptoms |
Midbrain |
Nerve pathway of cerebral hemispheres.Auditory and Visual reflex centers.Cranial Nerves:
- CN III – Oculomotor (Related to eye movement), [motor].
- CN IV – Trochlear (Superior oblique muscle of the eye which rotates the eye down and out), [motor] bestaucasinosonline.com/nz/.
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- Weber’s: CN III palsy and ptosis (drooping) ipsalateral (same side of body).
- Pupils:
Size: Midposition to dilated.
Reactivity: Sluggish to fixed.
- LOC (Loss of consciousness): Varies
- Movement: Abnormal extensor ( muscle that extends a part).
- Respiratory: Hyperventilating.
- CN (Cranial Nerve) Deficits: CN III, CN IV.
|
Pons |
Respiratory Center.Cranial Nerves:
- CN V – Trigeminal (Skin of face, tongue, teeth; muscle of mastication), [motor and sensory].
- CN VI – Abducens (Lateral rectus muscle of eye which rotates eye outward), [motor].
- CN VII – Facial (Muscles of expression), [motor and sensory].
- CN VIII – Acoustic (Internal auditory passage), [sensory].
|
- Pupils:
Size: Pinpoint
- LOC:
Semi-coma
“Akinetic Mute”.
“Locked In” Syndrome.
- Movement:
Abnormal extensor.
Withdrawal.
- Respiratory:
Apneustic (Abnormal respiration marked by sustained inhalation).
Hyperventilation.
- CN Deficits: CN VI, CN VII.
|
Medulla Oblongata |
Crossing of motor tracts.Cardiac Center.Respiratory Center.Vasomotor (nerves having muscular control of the blood vessel walls) CenterCenters for cough, gag, swallow, and vomit.Cranial Nerves:
- CN IX – Glossopharyneal (Muscles and mucous membranes of pharynx, the constricted openings from the mouth and the oral pharynx and the posterior third of tongue.), [mixed].
- CN X – Vagus (Pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach), [mixed].
- CN XI – Accessory (Rotation of the head and shoulder), [motor].
- CN XII – Hypoglossal (Intrinsic muscles of the tongue), [motor].
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- Movement: Ipsilateral (same side) plegia (paralysis).
- Pupils:
Size: Dilated.
Reactivity: Fixed.
- LOC: Comatose.
- Respiratory:
Abnormal breathing patterns.
Ataxic.
Clustered.
Hiccups.
- CN Palsies (Inability to control movement):
Absent Cough.
Gag.
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